Problems Facing Leader in Multinational Organization Essay Example for Free

Problems Facing Leader in Multinational Organization Essay Abstract This research suggests that there is a lack of congruence between the Iranian Institutes of Higher Education culture and the faculties desired culture. This conclusion is based on empirical data that indicate that faculties believe that they operate on a day-to day basis in a profession whose culture is characterized by an overarching desire for stability and control, formal rules and policies, coordination and efficiency, goal and results oriented, and harddriving competitiveness. Emphasizing this lack of cultural congruence, the respondents of this study also indicated that the faculties culture should be one that emphasizes flexibility, discretion, participation, human resource development, innovation, creativity, risk-taking, and a long-term emphasis on professional growth and the acquisition of new professional knowledge and skills, which is more aligned with the universities strategic external environment. One of the principal reasons for the popular interest in the study of organizational culture is to determine the linkage between it and organizational performance (Berrio, 2003). This study has reviewed a previously assumed but unverified connection between organizational culture and leadership styles. It has uncovered a lack of congruence between the dominant type of organizational culture and leadership styles. This observed lack of congruence may be inhibiting performance and unconsciously perpetuating a cycle of caution and an over reliance on stability and control. Key words: Organizational culture- Leadership styles-Higher education 1.Introduction An examination of the literature in the fields of organizational culture and leadership finds that the two areas have been independently linked to organizational performance. For example, researchers have examined the links between leadership styles and performance (see Bycio et al., 1995), and also  between organizational culture and performance (see Kotter and Heskett, 1992). Furthermore, numerous aspects of the organizational culture literature allude to the role of leaders in ‘creating’ and ‘maintaining’ particular types of culture (for example, Schein , 1992). Equally, the literature on leadership suggests that the ability to understand and work within a culture is a prerequisite to managerial effectiveness. However, despite the implicit and explicit linking of culture and leadership in many parts of organization theory, little critical research attention has been devoted to understanding the links between the two concepts and the impact that such an association might have on managerial effectiveness. The absence of critical literature exploring the effectiveness implications of the links between organizational culture and leadership is surprising given the numerous references to the importance of the two concepts in the functioning of organizations (see, Schein, 1992). The aim of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of the links between different types of organizational culture, a range of leadership styles and managerial effectiveness. This is achieved through the presentation of the results of a cross sectional survey of leadership style, organizational culture, and managerial effectiveness across nine universities in Iran. The paper begins with a brief review of the literature on organizational culture and leadership. This is followed by a discussion of the methodology adopted for the study and the presentation of the findings and analysis of responses to questionnaire exploring the links between the two concepts and managerial effectiveness. The evidence demonstrates t hat the relationship between leadership style and effectiveness is mediated by cultural congruence. In the final part of the paper, the conclusions and implications of the study are highlighted. As more and more universities enter into new arrangements in 21st century, the need to assess organisational cultures becomes more important .The term ‘organisational culture’ has proved difficult to define, but several of its important components are agreed on by most researchers. These include the norms, perspectives, values, assumptions and beliefs shared by organisational members. Due to the abstract nature of these elements, there is a considerable challenge for external researchers who want to assess organisational culture. It is even difficult for members of an organization to describe their own culture. Cameron and Freeman (1991, p.31) use the old  proverb â€Å"Fish discover water last† to illustrate the problem of assessing culture among those immersed in it. The aim of this study is to provide insight into the construct of culture and its relationship with leadership styles in the context of higher education institutions , and to discuss competing values framework as one of approaches to measurement of culture. The paper starts with a discussion on how the concept of organisational culture is understood in the setting of higher education institutions, and is followed by a brief introduction to the tradeoffs between qualitative and quantitative approaches to assess culture. Based on the basic psychometric requirements for measuring culture, this study concludes by identifying some of the implications of selecting or designing instruments for assess cultural differences in higher education institutions. 2.Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles Before attempting to describe the content of organizational culture, one should first know the concept of organisational culture. Organizational culture has been criticized as being conceptually weak, since it has been defined in many ways (Jelinek et al., 1983) and each definition emphasizes a particular focus or level. Since Schein (1992) published the book Organisational Culture and Leadership, more researchers have recognized culture as a multidimensional and multilevel concept. Schein describes three levels of culture. The first level consists of visible organisational structures and actions, such as dress code, facilities and procedures. This level of culture can be easily observed. The second level consists of espoused values manifested in the public images of organisations, such as strategies, goals, and philosophies. While not as visible as the artefacts present in the first level, these values can be ascertained by norms, the way things are done in the organisation. The third level consists of basic assumptions, or unconscious beliefs, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. These determine both behaviour norms (the way people should behave) and organisational values (the things that are highly valued). According to Buono and Bowditch (1989, p.137-139), the visible elements created by an organization on the first level are treated as objective organizational culture, while the elements on the second and the third levels are concerned with subjective organizational culture. Most researchers agree that subjective culture is more important as a significant determinant of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours, and it thus provides a more distinctive basis for characterizing and interpreting similarities and differences among people in different organizations. On this understanding, university culture as a particular form of organisational culture can be defined â€Å"as the collective, mutually shaping patterns of norms, values, practices, beliefs, and assumptions that guide the behaviour of individuals and groups in an institute of higher education and provide a frame of reference within which to interpret the meaning of events and actions on and off campus† (Kuh Whitt, 2000, p.16 2). While the term organisational culture is used as if an organisation has a monolithic culture, most organisations have more than one set of beliefs influencing the behaviour of their members (Morgan, 1986; Sathe, 1985). Cultural diversity appears to be more obvious in higher education institutions (Kuh Whitt, 2000, p.161). The ‘small homogenous society’ analogues used in anthropological studies of culture is sorely strained when applied to many contemporary institutions of higher education. Large public, multipurpose universities are comprised of many different groups whose members may or may not share or abide by all of the institution’s norms, values, practices, beliefs, and meanings. Instead of viewing colleges and universities as monolithic entities, it is more realistic to analyze them as multicultural contexts that are host to numerous subgroups with different priorities, traditions, and values (Kuh Whitt, 2000 p.161) . This study pays particular attention to academic staff and specifically those engaged at the departmental level. Therefore, from the perspective of this paper, the culture refers to values, beliefs, and assumptions developed within an academic department by academic staff and  those who manage academics through joint experiences over long periods of time. Nevertheless, disciplinary identity is not the sole source of the culture shared by academic staff members within an academic sub-unit. It is also subject to a variety of circumstances, such as national context, professional culture and organisational character (Austin, 1992; Clark, 1983, p.75; Và ¤limaa, 1998). 3.A Review of the CVF Model and the Study Methodology An Overview of the Competing Values Framework (CVF) Model The Competing Values Framework (CVF) evolved from the work of Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1981, 1983) as they attempted to circumscribe the elusive definition for a generally agreed upon theoretical framework of the concept of organizational effectiveness. This framework was chosen for this study because it was experimentally derived and found to have a high degree of face and empirical validity. Additionally, the CVF was identified as having a high level of reliability matching or exceeding that of other instruments commonly used in the social and organizational sciences (Cameron and Ettington, 1988; Cameron and Quinn, 2006; Berrio, 2003). The four quadrants of the framework, representing the four major cultural types: clan, adhocracy, market, hierarchy, provide a robust explanation of the differing orientations and competing values that characterize human behavior. The richness provided by the CVF is based on its ability to identify the basic assumptions, orientations, and values of each of the four cultural types. These three elements comprise the core of organizational culture. â€Å"The OCAI, therefore, is an instrument that allows you to diagnose the dominant orientation of your own organization based on these core culture types. It also assists you in diagnosing your organization’s cultural strength, cultural type, and cultural congruence† (Cameron and Quinn,2006, p. 33). In their research concerning organizational effectiveness, Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1981, 1983) statistically analyzed 39 indicators of organizational effectiveness as identified by Campbell, et al, (1974). Quinn and Rohrbaugh’s analysis resulted in the bifurcation of the 39 effectiveness criteria between two major dimensions. The first dimension, which is labeled the â€Å"Structure† dimension, differentiates the organizational effectiveness criteria between those that emphasize flexibility, discretion, and dynamism and those that  emphasize stability, order, and control. The second dimension, which is labeled the â€Å"Focus† dimension, differentiates the organizational effectiveness criteria between those that emphasize internal orientation, integration, and unity and those effectiveness criteria that emphasize an external orientation, differentiation, and rivalry (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1981 and 1983; Cameron and Quinn, 2006). Within each of these two dimensions there is also a third set of values, which produces an emphasis ranging from organizational processes, such as planning and goal setting at one end of the spectrum, to an emphasis on results, such as resource acquisition at the other end. Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1981) labeled this third set of values as the organizational â€Å"Means –Ends† continuum. The two primary dimensions differentiating between organizational values emphasizing â€Å"Structure† and â€Å"Focus† produce four clusters of effectiveness criteria as depicted in Figure 1. The â€Å"Structure† axis is represented 100 by the â€Å"Flexibility – Control† continuum, while the â€Å"Focus† axis is represented by the â€Å"People – Organization† continuum in Figure 1 . Within each of these four quadrants the relevant â€Å"Means – Ends† values are enumerated.

The Impact of the Use of Proportional Systems in the UK :: Papers Government Voting

The Impact of the Use of Proportional Systems in the UK There are three main proportional representation systems that have been developed that try to ensure that party’s seats are earned more proportionally. The use of the Single Transferable Vote, List and Additional Member systems has changed UK politics, effecting representation, governance, policy and parties alike. The Single Transferable Vote system, which is very complex, is used in Northern Ireland for all but the UK election. It has helped widen representation and improve democracy. It has long worked with on the whole beneficial results in the Republic of Ireland (as we have seen), a country which had previously shared at least a part of the British parliamentary tradition. The Additional Members System (AMS) came about in 1998 as so did the Scottish Parliament due to the 1998 referendum which led to the Devolution Act. In 1999 and 2003 the conservatives received 18 seats through the List vote under AMS, giving them a much fairer representation of their support nationally in Scotland. The AMS in the welsh assembly has enabled more choice and consequently 50% of the welsh assembly’s members are female, the first democratically elected legislature to be able to say that. These results in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have reduced the probability of a single party gaining complete control of the legislative organizations which use these proportionally representative systems, therefore avoiding the single party dominance or even electoral dictatorship linked with first past the post system. Labour won 28 seats in the Welsh assembly in 1999, 3 short of an overall majority, meaning they had to form a coalition government with the Lib Dems, much to the Lib Dems satisfaction, as they support AMS for this very reason – it means a much less dominant party and so a government for the people and not the party. In Scotland a very similar case occurred with again falling short of a majority and again forming a coalition government with the lid Dems. The use of AMS & the resultant coalitions in Scotland & in Wales

Profile And Indicators In Pakistan Health And Social Care Essay

Bettering the quality of life is a cardinal end for developing states. To carry through this, it is necessary to better wellness of kids, through achieving enhanced endurance results in the first topographic point. Developing states today, with increasing populations, need to concentrate on this more than of all time. One of the greatest jobs faced is that of utmost poorness – people populating below the poorness line who struggle for survival every twenty-four hours. This paper focuses on analyzing the comparative importance of socio-economic factors that play independent functions on endurance chance for babies, which should supply constructive information to authoritiess in order to assign resources expeditiously and make the development ends. An analysis is carried out on the impact of different variables on infant mortality, and the consequences are collected utilizing informations from over the past two decennaries, from 1990 to 2009.An overview of Health profile and Indexs in Pakistanâ€Å" The wellness profile of Pakistan is characterized by high population growing rate, high baby and child mortality rate, high maternal mortality ratio, and a double load of catching and non-communicable diseases. Malnutrition, diarrhea, acute respiratory unwellness, other catching and vaccine preventable diseases are chiefly responsible for a high load of baby and antenatal mortality, while high maternal mortality is largely attributed to a high birthrate rate, low skilled birth attending rate, illiteracy, malnutrition and deficient entree to exigency obstetric attention services. † ( Health System Profile Pakistan, 2007 ) For case, it is noted that merely 40 % of births are attended by skilled birth attenders. Additionally, malnutrition is widespread in the state, with 30-40 % of the kids being stunted due the deficiency of equal diet. Malnutrition really accounts for about half child deceases every twelvemonth ( Health System Profile Pakistan, 2007 ) . Therefore, investings in wellness sector are considered as an built-in portion of Pakistan authorities ‘s poorness relief attempts. Harmonizing to the Economic Survey of Pakistan ( 2009-2010 ) , there has been a conspicuous betterment in some wellness indexs over the old ages, but Pakistan still ranks ill among others. The National Health Policy of Pakistan ( 2009 ) aims to better the wellness indexs of the state, by presenting basic wellness services, garnering accurate wellness information to direct plan effectivity, and doing tactical usage of the lifting engineering ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . A figure of plans are in advancement to heighten the overall wellness position by bettering wellness attention and increasing the coverage of wellness attention to assist accomplish the MDGs. Particular attending is being given to the preparation of nurses and several preparation centres are already in operation. This is being done with the end of supplying basic wellness attention services to those who have ne'er had entree to any signifiers of primary wellness attention. The reported figure of registered nurses in Pakistan amounted to 69, 313 in the twelvemonth 2009. ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . Yet, when placed to international comparing, the position of betterment in wellness in Pakistan is assorted. Compared to Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, for case, Pakistan ‘s infant mortality rate is higher. Similarly, other indexs show that much more advancement would hold to be made compellingly for farther betterment ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . Although there have been betterments in Pakistan, they are non on par with other developing states.Child wellness, Nutrition, Health hazard factors and MortalityThe Ministry of Health manages the wellness attention system in Pakistan. Child wellness is dependent on assorted factors, such as instruction of parents, income, beginning of clean H2O and improved sanitation installations, figure of child wellness attention Centres and the extent of preparation among wellness workers. The features specifically act uponing baby and child mortality can be classified into single, family and community features ( Islam-Ud-Din, 6 ) . Individual features could be the parents ‘ age at matrimony, age at first birth, income, business and instruction. Household features include H2O and lavatory installations, electricity supply and sewerage connexions, nature of cooking fuels and type of house. Community factors would be prevalence of wellness attention and proper electricity and disposal installations. The deficiency of instruction among parents disables them from deriving an apprehension on gestation issues, every bit good as maternal and wellness attention concerns. Furthermore, the deficiency of nutrient handiness and scarceness consequences in lack of nutrition among female parents and kids, which is an of import factor to see when speaking about kid wellness. The past few old ages have shown high degrees of malnutrition among both, female parents and kids. This has been due to miss of political devotedness to turn to malnutrition, minimum investings made in nutrition sector and deficiency of a clear and focused scheme that has consecutively supplemented child mortality. Breastfeeding is of punctilious concern every bit good since harmonizing to figures gathered from WDI, it amount to merely 36 % of babes under 6-months of age being breastfed. Therefore, nutrient scarceness and deficiency of handiness of equal wellness attention and sanitation installations are the major wellness hazard factors correlated to mortality. Besides, families with lower incomes are unable to afford seeking medical advice from decently skilled physicians, and the figure of locally registered accoucheuses has besides been seen to lift by 74.7 % from 1990 to 26,225 in 2009 ( PSH Survey Data, 2009 ) .1.3 Rural-urban prejudices in Health public presentation and Indexs in PakistanThe populations populating in rural countries and those with lower incomes face troubles in availing clean H2O and sanitation installations and are exposed to environmental pollution and amendss. Better sanitation, H2O and wellness attention installations are observed to an extent in urban countries of Pakistan, but rural countries still lag behind, and face more serious diseases among kids. They face higher hazard of respiratory diseases, hence, raising infant mortality. As a affair of fact, the really contaminated life environments even undermine the consequence of instruction as it significantly affects the wellness and good being of babies and kid s. Although, even less than 30 % of population lives in urban countries of Pakistan, more wellness installations are available as a per centum of population compared to wellness installations in rural countries. ( WDI, 2009 ) The wellness sector has fundamentally grown, but merely in response to demands of the preponderantly urban categories. However, a big ground behind this is the growing in private wellness attention, which has little incentive to turn in rural countries due to widespread poorness afflicting such topographic points. Factors responsible for urban prejudice include medical instruction and the function of authorities in Pakistan. This has been due to the fact that the authorities has centred most medical instruction in urban countries and besides invested to a great extent in urban-centred wellness attention installations, taking to increased urban-rural prejudice. The deficiency of medical instruction besides affects people on the single degree. Families should besides be intelligent about public wellness instruments such as improved aeration in houses, acceptance of hygienic patterns in day-to-day operations, healthful disposal of wastes after cleansing of the cloacas, clean storage and boiling of H2O, and domicile-administration of diarrhea. The deficiency of basic medical instruction prevents this. This would be much effectual in cut downing infant mortality over clip, as people would be able to forestall common wellness jobs. One of the biggest factors making this disparity is that policies are made by the opinion categories and the under-distribution of resources in rural countries is due to entirely the distinguishable category construction in Pakistan. There is a immense disparity between the wellness attention installations provided to more privileged categories.1.4 Millennium Development Goals on Health: Performance spreads and slowdownsThe MDGs screen broad aims, including halving universe poorness and hungriness, every bit good as making cosmopolitan primary instruction, cut downing under-5 and maternal mortality by two-thirds, and halving the figure of people who without entree to safe imbibing H2O by the twelvemonth 2015. ( MDG Report, 2010 ) . Looking at the recent history of the state, accomplishing the mark MDGs for Pakistan by 2015 seems unluckily, dubious. The last decennary has seen mounting insecurity every bit good as incompatibility during General Pervez Musharraf ‘s epoch. Corruptness and offense rates have exceeded past degrees and so has poorness. Besides, there have been issues associating to freedom of media and judiciary. Budget on wellness and instruction is less than two-percent, which is non a ample sum comparing it to the abysmal rates of illiteracy and deficiency of wellness installations and trained physicians in the state. ( -via electronic beginnings ) In order to make the MDG Goal 4, the instance presented in this paper, Pakistan has the mark to cut down it to 77 by 2015, whereas the infant mortality rate is to be reduced to 40 by 2015. The 2009 rate of 70.5 for infant mortality nevertheless, reflects that there is non much likeliness of it being achieved. The proportion of kids of age less than one twelvemonth immunized against rubeolas has to increase to more than 90 % but this mark is still stuck at 80 % . However, it is a alleviation to cognize that coverage of Lady Health workers, which is to be universal by 2015, has increased to 80 % and is on the trail to be attained. ( WDI, 2009 ) However, still in some instances the complete information is non be available, the ground being that most developing states do non bring forth dependable and accurate figures on most indexs, such as on baby and kid mortality, H2O entree and poorness. Many states that are well hapless and more vulnerable, such as Pakistan, do non describe any informations on most MDGs. Even when it is available, there are compatibility issues and significant clip slowdowns are involved. Hence, bettering on informations garnering techniques and quality should be the cardinal focal point. These are indispensable non merely to accomplish MDGs but besides for single states in order to pull off their development schemes ( Bourguignon et al. , 2008 ) .1.5 Health policies in Pakistan and Initiatives for Child wellnessReforms in wellness sector of Pakistan took the signifier of five year-plans ab initio in the 1990s. The first national wellness policy was announced in 1997, with the purpose to better the well ness position of the state by supplying cosmopolitan coverage of quality wellness attention through an incorporate Primary Health Care ( PHC ) attack. The 2010 vision for the wellness sector development provides for a wide-ranging and better-quality wellness attention for all sections of society ( -via electronic beginnings ) . Priority wellness programmes include the National EPI Programme, the Prime Minister ‘s Programme for Family Planning and Primary Health Care, Maternal and Child wellness, Reproductive wellness, the National ARI and Diarrheal Disease Control Programme, Malaria Control Programme, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, National AIDS Control Programme, Nutrition, Mental wellness, Oral and Dental wellness, Health Promotion and Health Education, School Health Programme, Food Quality Control System, Food Support Programme and Food Security Programme. These last three come under the nutritionary plans for wellness. ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) The main purpose of the plans is to cut down Under-five mortality to 52 per 1000 unrecorded births, infant mortality rate to 40 per 1000 unrecorded births, and maternal mortality ratio to 140 by the twelvemonth 2015, through utilizing intercession schemes. Besides, the proportion of annual old kids immunized against rubeolas is targeted to be increased to 85 % , and proportion of births attended by skilled wellness staff is to be increased to 90 % by 2015. Schemes to battle TB, Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and other catching diseases have besides been planned ( Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . Over the past several old ages, the Government of Pakistan has started a figure of undertakings and plans that aim at recuperating wellness results related to female parent, newborn and child wellness. These have been initiated with both with public sector money, and planetary development associates. The undertakings comprise of the Women Health Project ( WHP ) , Pakistan Initiative of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health ( PAIMAN ) , Pakistan Health Systems Strengthening Project ( GAVI-HSS ) and National Program for Family Planning and Primary Health Care PHC/FP ( LHW Program ) . The National Program for PHC/FP is aspired to supply MNCH services at easy entree of the community and works in the way of ducting the spread amid communities and wellness installations, as a consequence, recovering the easiness towards indispensable wellness attention services through the LHWs. This has demonstrated to be successful enterprise in supplying basic wellness services at the territory degree thou gh its impact on the Maternal and Child Mortality is non really momentous ( -via electronic beginnings ) . Furthermore, to strengthen the resource spreads in the bing service rescue for seting wellness of Mother, Newborn and Child Health on the route to recovery, and to recognize MDG Goals 4 and 5, the Government of Pakistan has instigated the National Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Programme ( NMNCH ) in 2006 as good. ( National Program For Maternal Newborn and Child Health, 2006-2012 )1.6 Keywords and DefinitionsEysenck personality inventory: Expanded Program for Immunization Infant Mortality Rate ( IMR ) : The per centum of kids deceasing under one twelvemonth of age per 1000 unrecorded births. LHWs: Lady Health Workers MDGs: Millennium Development Goals ; a planetary committedness of puting up and following the mark ends towards eliminating utmost degrees of poorness. Millennium Development Goal 4: A set mark to cut down the mortality rate among kids under five by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. PSH: Pakistan Statistical Handbook WDI: World Development Indexs1.7 Study AimsThe survey will try to explicate the factors act uponing infant mortality rate It will exemplify the bing steps, every bit good as the steps that would be helpful to follow in future. It will place the hazards associated increasing infant mortality rates, as a developing state compared to the planetary universe It would place indexs which would enable take downing the IMR in Pakistan. Performance of demographic and socio-economic indexs would be assessed in order to analyze their impact and come out for policy schemes to be adopted in Pakistan to assist stabilise and lower these rates, and lead Pakistan to accomplish MDG Goal 4.Chapter 2 – Literature Reappraisal2.1 An overview of Child wellness in Developing and Developed Countries

The Human Brain Is It Interesting - 1764 Words

I’ve never learned much about Psychology yet I always found it interesting. The human brain is very interesting to me, the fact that genetics can affect if you happen to be mentally insane or even a serial killer to me is astonishing. Another idea which grabs my interest is Weber’s Law. This idea has changed the way I do things in my life using my senses, including ignoring my parents loud talking or annoying habits. I’ve also been interested in learning styles. I know the different types, but I don’t know why each person learns differently. The fact that your motivation and emotion connect to your genes and behavior is honestly absurd. Also, just the environment you grew up in could affect every other decision in your life makes sense†¦show more content†¦Such as swimming and teach or working with children or adults with special needs. Also, singing run in our family from my mother’s and father’s side, not just the enjoyment and pl easure but also the talent. Next, Sensation and perception. My favorite idea in sensation and perception is Weber’s Law or also known as the Weber–Fechner law. Weber’s Law states â€Å"that the change needed to notice a difference between two stimuli is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus. The more intense the stimulus, the more it will need to change before we notice the difference.† For example, â€Å"If you are lifting ten pounds, you only need a little more weight added on to notice the difference (1 pound to be exact). But if you were lifting 100 pounds, you will need more weight to notice the difference (10 pounds).† I like this idea because it shows the human mind is easily fooled just like if you were to show a group of people some optical illusions, only some would see both pictures within; the brain just doesn’t perceive the different images mixed into one. Another topic in psychology I find appealing is learning, specifically learning styles. I know the 3 main different styles of learning, Kinesthetic, Visual and Auditory. Kinesthetic is more of a hands-on learning style, Visual is the need to see demos or pictures to learn the information, and auditory is mainly listening to someone tell you how to do something or just learning my listening to lecture. My question is